Interlocking unit anchors for concrete lining



Feb. 5; 1963 J. F. WYGANT INTERLOCKING UNIT ANCHORS FOR CONCRETE LINING Filed June 50, 1959 United States Patent Qiilice 3,076,481 E tates 562- .5, 26:3

3,016,481 N ERLOCKING UNIT ANCHORS FOR C NCR E LLNLNG r James .Wygant, Gary, Ind., assignor to Standard Qil Company, Chicago;"lll., a corporation of Indiana Fi d J n 30, 1 .5 Se'r';1No;'82, 6 Claims. (Cl;:1 3 8a175)' This invention relates to improvements in anchorages for concrete linings and particularlyto an anchorage for erosion resistant concrete liners in processing equipment. In catalytic cracking units of tliepetroleulrn-irifd"try;

erosion of the equipment by moving particlesto divided catalyst "results'in a rapid deteriorationo pieces of valuable'equipment. is dependent upon a number of a 1 The "severity of erosion a'bbut e ualto'theithicknessi of the anchor material, so

that the opening'inthehOok'IZproVided at the end or the leg is approximately in alignment; with that portion of leg 9 wliich is'not offset} Tworecesses 13"and 1-3 are prta vided iii the edge ofleg 9'adjacent tofthe. backing surityof the moving catalyst particles andtheangleatiwhich the particles strike the surface. "It; isfknown td'l'ine particularly vulnerableareas with con ete whichcanbe more easily repaired and replaced than the irietalfof-which the'equiprnent is formed. The practice 'is to auch or the,

concrete to the metal surface with welded studsf 'wire mesh,sections of expanded metal, various fo'rms of floor grating and the like. The purposeof such anchorsbeing to support the concrete while curing and'to' preventthe lining from breaking away from "the surface laterjas "a,

face *1 6. "Theserecesses mane- 135;

f a depth substantially equa-l to the dept hfot the h, 1 f6, and 12, so that-when engaged with a hookof another interlocking anchor the open end" ofithe {adjacent anch maintained securely against the surface A to ybeflin'e Es recesses may also be a single lo'ng recess; one-o more notches or thelike to-fittheparticular application; .In addition, the

' recesses serve to improve the-anchorage of f-the'concrete.

These recesses thus have a dualfunctionfand' variations result of thermal stresses, vibration and flexurie resulting from operating stresses. Certain of the above anchora ges have been found to be superior to others in'increasingthe;

service life of the liner, the anchorpattern and contini; V of "the anchor structure being of considerable importance The more desirable types of anchoragesuchlashexago nal steel gratings are difficult or impossible to: use satis factorily on'irregular surfaces, where accesslop enin'gs in the equipment are small and where small areasof existin'g linersare' t'o'be replaced; This is because thegrating must be cut to size and machine forrnedto theco'rre'ct contour, then placed'into the equipment and oftentimes jacked into its final positionin order to securea'p'roper.

fit for attachment to'the metalsurface. Availableunitary anchors do notprovide satisfactory performance and service.

of the shape arid location maybefemployed to achieve thispurpose. 1 a I In a preferred form the unit, anchors are formedfrom strips of metal about '6 /2"" long by flwide'by 5 thick. "Abend ofa-bout 90"is rnade across the strip so Tasfto divide the anchor intoalong leg-approximately 4" in "length and a short'leg approximately 2" -in length.

anchors ma'y be ,w stmaeas "an'y ne'tal having the properties required for fabricationand attachment to the walland suitable for service"a-t' approxim-ately l0O0 F. The preferred material of constrii'ction is'mild carbon steel, howeven'other-alloys such as the low chrome alloys, stainless steels and morecorrosionresistant alloys It is an object of this invention to provide an improved unitary "interlocking anchor for concretfiilinings which are required to havegood resistancetodeterioration by erosion, corrosion and vibration. Another objectis to provide a structure of a; number of interlockinganchors" attached to'a surface to be lined withi concretei Still another objectis to provide a-vessel ora conduitlinedwith concrete anchored to'the wall by a network of interlockirig metal articles each attached to the wall of-thevessbl or conduit. A further object is anchorage means thatis .easily handled and installed, and possesses flexibility so as to be readily used in lining intricate shapes. A special object is an anchorage which can'be used for the partial replacement of existing liningsso asto integrate the replacement with the rest of the already 'installed lining.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and by referring to the accompanying drawings which form a part of this disclosure wherein,

ment of unit anchor,

FIGURE 2 is a perspective drawing of another embodiment of unit anchor,

FIGURE 3 is an elevation of an inside wall of a vessel (or conduit) with a concrete lining anchored to the wall by an interlocking network of unit anchors and,

FIGURE 4 is a cross-section of such a Wall at 4-4 I of FIGURE 3 lined with concrete anchored to the wall.

Referring to the drawings wherein is shown a preferred embodiment of the invention, in FIGURE 1 a FIGURE 1 is a perspective drawing of one embodi 1 "maybe used. A hole14'may be placedin one or both of'the'legs to allow the concreteto flowbetwee'n the openings ofthe structure thereby=improving the 'anchorage. or best erosion resistance it is desirable that the-spacing between anchors in theIshortdirection be parallel to the direction of iiuid flow; -For s'ome applications it may be desirable-to placerecesses" in both legs!) and 7 so that leg 9- has-a recess 15, as shown in FIGURE Zpand to otlset 'the short legfrather thanthe long, leg. The latter arrangement may be preferred where'fluid flow is circumferential rather than-longitudinal, as in 'a cyclone separator? The hooks 6 "and 12' may be-shortened as shown in FIGURE'Z or in 'various other Ways to interlock with another anchor. Indnstallingthe'anchors of FIGURE 1 on a vessel (or conduit)"- wall 16one'leg', e.g.-,'7 of-an anchor-isaflixed to the wall, preferably'by tack-welds '17. Then-a second antenna interldck ed therewith byengaging the hook I -Z in the recess 13 between the first anchor and the wall; The second anchor isfthe'n' 'adjusted laterallw to best fit the surfers and then tack-weldedio the wall. I These "lateral additions may be continued to the boundary of the area to be lined. Following this, other rows of anchors are added above the first row by engaging the recess 13 with a hook 6 of an anchor in the preceding row, tack-welding leg 7 to the wall and adding laterally in the manner described to the row above. This manner of installation provides an interlocking network of unit anchors asshown in FIGURE 3 wherein the anchors of the invention are, attached to the inside wall of a circular vessel 19 having a conical section 21 and a straight section 22. In FIG-- URE 3 the anchors of FIGURE 1 are installed in the vessel to line the straight section thereof and the anchors of FIGURE 2 are employed to line the conical section thereof. Following the installation of the anchors, concrete 18 is applied to the surface to fi1 l the openings in the network as shown in FIGURE 4.

Laboratory tests capable of determining comparative service performance were conducted on test panels of concrete anchored by a number of types of anchorages. These tests consisted of controlled particle blasting, impact and vibration by mechanical means and heating to operating temperatures of approximately 1000 F. followed by subsequent cooling to ambient temperatures in order to simulate thermal shock. All these tests were controlled in order to duplicate testing conditions for each test panel.

The standard of performance used to compare the various types of anchorages was conventional hexagonal steel grating. The concrete applied to the L-shaped interlocked anchor system showed better erosion resistance with less tendency to spall and break away from the anchorage than with other unitary anchors, and perform at least as well as the convention hexagonal steel grating.

As a result of these tests and plant tests it was determined that a particularly suitable spacing of the anchors for general vessel lining in the direction and parallel to the flow is about 2". Considerably greater spacing decreases the resistance to erosion and closer spacing de/ creases economies. Non-continuous type of unit anchorage units were found to be less resistant to erosion than the interlocking unit anchors. Where a concrete lining is to be used under other conditions, to provide protection from corrosion for instance, Ls of other proportions may be advantageously employed.

Thus having fully described the invention, what is claimed is:

1. A metal article, substantially L-shaped, and adapted for interlocking with a number of other like articles to provide anchorage for concrete applied to a surface, said article being formed from a metal strip having a top edge and a bottom edge and comprising a first leg; a first hook element connected to said first leg at the extremity thereof and extending therefrom in the direction of said first leg, said hook opening toward the top edge of said article; a second leg at an angle to said first leg, said second leg provided with an offset along its length; a second hook element connected to said second leg at the extrem ity thereof and extending therefrom substantially perpendicularly thereto and in the same direction as said first leg, said second hook element opening toward the top edge of said article and the opening therein being in substantial alignment with that portion of said second leg which is not offset; at least a portion of said second leg being recessed along the bottom edge thereof so as to receive a hook element from another like article and maintain said other article against said surface when attached thereto.

2. The metal article of claim 1 wherein said first leg is recessed along the bottom edge thereof so as to receive a hook element from another like article and maintain said other article against said surface when attached thereto.

3. The article of claim 1 wherein the openings of said hook elements extend from the top edge of said article to a point substantially the same as the depth of the recess in the bottom edge of said leg.

4. The article of claim 1- wherein the width of the opening of said hook elements is substantially the same as the thickness of the strip forming said article and adapted to receive edgewise another like article.

5. The article of claim 1 wherein said hook elements are extensions of the strip forming said article and having recesses in said strip.

6. A structure comprised of a surface and a plurality of interlocking metal articles each affixed to the surface to provide anchorage for concrete, each of said articles being formed from a metal strip having a top edge and a bottom edge and comprising a first leg; a first hook element connected to said first leg at the extremity thereof and extending therefrom in the direction of said first leg, said hook opening toward the top edge of said article; a second leg at an angle to said first leg, said second leg provided with an ofiset along its length; a second hook element connected to said second leg at the extremity thereof and extending therefrom substantially perpendicularly thereto and in the same direction as said first leg, said second hook element opening toward the top edge of said article and the opening therein being in substantial alignment with that portion of said second leg which is not ofiset; at least a portion of said second leg being recessed along the bottom edge thereof so as to receive a hook element from another like article and maintain said other article against said surface when attached thereto.

7. A lined structure comprised of the structure of claim 6 provided with a concrete lining.

8. The structure of claim 6 wherein said surface is a curved surface.

9. The article of claim 1 wherein said second leg is offset by a distance about equal to the thickness of the metal strip forming said article.

10. The structure of claim 6 wherein said hook elements are extensions of the strip forming said article and being recessed in said strip to a point substantially the same as the depth of the recess in the bottom edge of said leg, the width of the opening of said hook elements being substantially the same as the thickness of the strip forming said article, and wherein said second leg is offset by a distance about equal to the thickness of said strip.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,155,411 Flannery Oct. 5, 1915 1,577,923 Marston Mar. 23, 1926 1,868,108 Lachman July 19, 1932 1,910,643 Sherrard May 23, 1933 2,456,553 Churchill Dec. 14, 1945 2,522,165 Crom Sept. 12, 1950 2,698,470 Buedingen Jan. 4, 1955 1 FOREIGN PATENTS 345,570 Great Britain Mar. 26, 1931 753,009 Great Britain July 18, 1956 

1. A METAL ARTICLE, SUBSTANTIALLY L-SHAPED, AND ADAPTED FOR INTERLOCKING WITH A NUMBER OF OTHER LIKE ARTICLES TO PROVIDE ANCHORAGE FOR CONCRETE APPLIED TO A SURFACE, SAID ARTICLE BEING FORMED FROM A METAL STRIP HAVING A TOP EDGE AND A BOTTOM EDGE AND COMPRISING A FIRST LEG; A FIRST HOOK ELEMENT CONNECTED TO SAID FIRST LEG AT THE EXTREMITY THEREOF AND EXTENDING THEREFROM IN THE DIRECTION OF SAID FIRST LEG, SAID HOOK OPENING TOWARD THE TOP EDGE OF SAID ARTICLE; A SECOND LEG AT AN ANGLE TO SAID FIRST LEG, SAID SECOND LEG PROVIDED WITH AN OFFSET ALONG ITS LENGTH; A SECOND HOOK ELEMENT CONNECTED TO SAID SECOND LEG AT THE EXTREMITY THEREOF AND EXTENDING THEREFROM SUBSTANTIALLY PERPENDICULARLY THERETO AND IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS SAID FIRST LEG, SAID SECOND HOOK ELEMENT OPENING TOWARD THE TOP EDGE OF SAID ARTICLE AND THE OPENING THEREIN BEING IN SUBSTANTIAL ALIGNMENT WITH THAT PORTION OF SAID SECOND LEG WHICH IS NOT OFFSET; AT LEAST A PORTION OF SAID SECOND LEG BEING RECESSED ALONG THE BOTTOM EDGE THEREOF SO AS TO RECEIVE A HOOK ELEMENT FROM ANOTHER LIKE ARTICLE AND MAINTAIN SAID OTHER ARTICLE AGAINST SAID SURFACE WHEN ATTACHED THERETO. 